The Maltese language | Il-lingwa Maltija
Maltese belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family and is counted among the Neo-Arabic varieties. It is a relatively close relative of Maghrebi Arabic. With about 450,000 native speakers, Maltese is a relatively small but not endangered language, which is the state language in Malta (along with English) and has also been one of the 27 working languages within the EU since 2004. Maltese is the only Semitic written language in Europe and, unlike many other Semitic languages, is written with a Latin-based alphabet script. In Malta, more or less pronounced multilingualism in the combinations of Maltese-English and Maltese-English-Italian is widespread, although nearly 98% of the population of Malta speaks Maltese as their mother tongue.
Around 1240, Maltese began its separate development away from other Arabic varieties to become a language in its own right, distinguished from its closest relatives by, among other things, the high degree of mainly Italo-Romance influences on phonology, lexicon and grammar. Since the late 15th century, there have been isolated written documents in Maltese, whose final (official) establishment as the language of Malta only took place in the period between the two world wars, when the language dispute between English, Maltese and Italian was decided to the disadvantage of Italian.
Within the traditionally philologically oriented Oriental studies (Semitic studies, Arabic studies), Maltese receives only limited attention, as it has to compete as an object of research with numerous other neo-Arabic varieties and the other subject canons of the disciplines. Its importance for general linguistic research beyond this philologically limited framework, therefore, demands that Maltese be given a forum reserved exclusively for it. Maltese is of the greatest interest to language contact research, among others, because its structure has a combination of Semitic and Romance components whose coexistence and interplay pose a challenge to contact linguistic theories and models. At the same time, there are still many gaps in knowledge in the descriptive-linguistic field, i.e. numerous phenomena of Maltese still have to be described for the first time or reinterpreted based on new findings. The dialectal structure of Maltese, its sociolinguistic differentiation, its standardisation and its linguistic-political position are fields of research that are just as rich in knowledge as the development of a distinct, non-native variety of English in Malta, which is referred to as Maltese English.
To enable linguists interested in Maltese to devote themselves adequately to these and other questions, the Malta Centre is making itself available as coordinator, organiser and host.
Il-Malti jaqa’ taħt il-fergħa Semitika tal-familja Afro-Ażjatika u huwa magħdud fost il-varjetajiet neo-Għarab. Huwa qarib relattivament qrib tal-Għarbi tal-Magreb. Illum il-ġurnata, din il-lingwa hija relattivament żgħira iżda mhix fil-periklu li tintilef, tant, li hemm madwar 450,000 kelliema nattivi li jitkellmu bil-Malti. Hija wkoll il-lingwa tal-istat f'Malta (flimkien mal-Ingliż) u ilha waħda mis-27 lingwa ta' ħidma komuni fl-UE sa mill-2004. Il-Malti hija l-unika lingwa Semitika miktuba fl-Ewropa u, kuntrarjament għal ħafna lingwi Semitiċi oħra, hija miktuba b’alfabett Latin. F’Malta, il-multilingwiżmu hu ftit jew wisq evidenti fil-kombinazzjonijiet ta’ Malti-Ingliż u Malti-Ingliż-Taljan li huma mifruxin sew, għalkemm kważi 98% tal-popolazzjoni tagħżel li titkellem bil-Malti bħala l-ilsien matern tal-pajjiż.
Madwar is-sena 1240, il-Malti beda jinqata’ minn varjetajiet Għarab oħra u sar lingwa għaliha, distinta mill-eqreb qraba tagħha b’diversi modi, fosthom, il-grad għoli ta' influwenzi Italo-Rumanzi fuq il-fonoloġija, il-lessiku u l-grammatika. Sa mill-aħħar tas-seklu 15, bdew jitfaċċaw dokumenti bil-miktub iżolati bil-Malti, lingwa li, finalment, ġiet stabbilita b’mod uffiċċjali bħala l-lingwa ta’ Malta fil-perjodu ta’ bejn iż-żewġ gwerer dinjija, meta ġiet deċiża t-tilwima lingwistika bejn l-Ingliż, il-Malti u t-Taljan, bi żvantaġġ għat-Taljan.
Fi ħdan l-istudji Orjentali tradizzjonalment orjentati lejn il-filoloġija (studji Semitiċi, studji Għarab), il-Malti jirċievi biss attenzjoni limitata, peress li, bħala oġġett ta’ riċerka, jrid jikkompeti ma’ bosta varjetajiet oħra neo-Għarab u suġġetti kanoniċi tad-dixxiplini l-oħra. L-importanza tiegħu għar-riċerka lingwistika ġenerali, lil hinn minn dan il-qafas filoloġikament limitat, għalhekk, jitlob li l-Malti jingħata forum riservat għalih b’mod esklussiv. Il-Malti huwa tal-akbar interess għar-riċerka fil-qasam tal-kuntatt lingwistiku, fost oħrajn, għaliex l-istruttura tiegħu għandha taħlita ta’ komponenti Semitiċi u Rumanzi li l-koeżistenza u l-interazzjoni tagħhom joħolqu sfida fid-dawl ta’ teoriji u mudelli lingwistiċi stabbiliti. Fl-istess ħin, għad hemm ħafna xi jsir fil-qasam tal-lingwistika deskrittiva, jiġifieri hemm numru ta’ fenomeni tal-Malti li għad iridu jiġu deskritti għall-ewwel darba jew reinterpretati abbażi ta’ sejbiet ġodda. L-istruttura djalettali tal-Malti, id-differenzi soċjolingwistiċi tiegħu, l-istandardizzazzjoni tiegħu u l-pożizzjoni lingwistika-politika tiegħu huma oqsma ta’ riċerka li huma għonja fl-għarfien daqs l-iżvilupp ta’ varjetà distinta, mhux nattiva tal-Ingliż f’Malta, li tissejjaħ Malti Ingliż.
Biex dawk il-lingwisti interessati fil-Malti jkunu jistgħu jiddedikaw ruħhom b’mod adegwat għal dawn il-mistoqsijiet, u oħrajn, iċ-Ċentru tal-Ilsien Malti huwa disponibbli li jaġixxi bħala koordinatur, organizzatur u ospitant skont il-ħtieġa.
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